Cultural War of the Radical Conservative Right on TikTok: A Comparative Study of Influencers in Peru, Brazil, France and Italy

Keywords: Far-right, TikTok, Conservatism groups, Influencers, Cultural War, Populist Radical Right

Abstract

This research analyzed and compared the construction of discursive values of Radical Right in the Global North and South. We adopted an exploratory-qualitative approach, comparing content from nano influencers on TikTok in Peru, Brazil, France, and Italy to explore the cultural war and how they represent the “enemy of the people”. The methodology was based on four filtering processes. The first focuses on defining nanoinfluencers as the subject of this study. The second involves obtaining accounts via the Influencity platform. The third entails refining accounts using a codebook derived from the existing literature to determine their relevance to content production from a radical right perspective. The fourth process involves selecting videos from July to December 2023, resulting in a sample of n=154 videos. The results show that in Latin America, religious rhetoric is used to emotionally connect with the audience and resist the “progressive dictatorship,” while in Europe, the discourse seeks to distance itself from the already entrenched progressive dictatorship in the government. In Latin America, the goal is to prevent its arrival, whereas in Europe, it is disassociated from progressivism. This study contributes to the analysis of the singularities and contradictions in the discursive production of Latin American Radical Right, expanding the existing literature.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Métricas alternativas

References

Aguilar, H. G. (2023). the political hate speech in the last peruvian presidential election An analysis from critical discourse approaches | El discurso político del odio en las últimas elecciones presidenciales de Perú. Un análisis desde los planteamientos del discurso crítico. VISUAL Review. International Visual Culture Review / Revista Internacional de Cultura, 10. https://doi.org/10.37467/revvisual.v10.4562

Al-Rawi, A. (2021). Telegramming Hate: Far-Right Themes on Dark Social Media. Canadian Journal of Communication, 46(4), 821–851. https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2021v46n4a4055

Albertini, D & Doucet, D (2016). La Fachosphère. Comment l’extrême-droite remporte la bataille du net. Flammarion

Amores, J. J., Blanco-Herrero, D., Sánchez-Holgado, P., & Frías-Vázquez, M. (2021). Detecting ideological hatred on Twitter. Development and evaluation of a political ideology hate speech detector in tweets in Spanish | Detectando el odio ideológico en Twitter. Desarrollo y evaluación de un detector de discurso de odio por ideología polí. Cuadernos.Info, 49, 98–124. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.49.27817

Antunes de Oliveira, F. (2019). The rise of the Latin American far-right explained: dependency theory meets uneven and combined development. Globalizations, 16(7), 1145-1164.

Avendaño, D., Duarte, A., & Pallares, A. (2022). Not so conservative: Suppression effects between social and economic ideology on moral foundations and moral absolutism. International Journal of Psychology, 57(3), 352–357. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12817

Bernardino-Costa, J. (2023). Opening Pandora’s Box: The Extreme Right and the Resurgence of Racism in Brazil. Latin American Perspectives, 50(1), 98–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X221147596

Berdón-Prieto, P., Herrero-Izquierdo, J., & Reguero-Sanz, I. (2023). Political polarization and politainment: Methodology for analyzing crypto hate speech on TikTok. Profesional De La información Information Professional, 32(6). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.nov.01

Blokker, P. (2023). Constitutional politics and populist conservatism: the contrasting cases of Poland and Romania. European Politics and Society, 24(1), 132–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2021.1956243

Boccacci, D. (2022). The invention of personal skills: Resources and persuasive effects of a distinctive mechanism of contemporary Italian educational policy | A invenção de competências pessoais: Recursos e efeitos persuasivos de um dispositivo distinto da política educacion. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 30. https://doi.org/10.14507/EPAA.30.7152

Campbell, C. & Rapp Farrell, J. (2020). More than meets the eye: The functional components underlying influencer marketing. Business Horizons, 63(4), 469-479, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.03.003

Cervi, L., & Marín-Lladó, C. (2021). What are political parties doing on tiktok? The spanish case. Profesional de La Informacion, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.3145/EPI.2021.JUL.03

Cervi, Laura, Tejedor, S., & Blesa, F. G. (2023). TikTok and Political Communication: The Latest Frontier of Politainment? A Case Study. Media and Communication, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i2.6390

Chee, L. (2023). Play and Counter-Conduct: Migrant Domestic Workers on TikTok. Global Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2023.2217523

Chan,T. H., Hung, K. & Tse, D.K. (2023) Comparing E-Commerce Micro- and Macroinfluencers in TikTok Videos: Effects of Strategies on Audience Likes, Audience Shares, and Brand Sales, Journal of Interactive Advertising, 23(4), 307-322, DOI: 10.1080/15252019.2023.2273253

Cowe, J. (2022). Past Perfect(ed): Future Nostalgia and the Fight Against Trump’s America in Netflix’s Hollywood. European Journal of American Studies, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.4000/ejas.18287

Cuevas-Calderón, E. A. (2018). Reconfiguración social: entre la migración y la percepción inseguridad en Lima, Perú/ Social Reconfiguration: Between Migration and Insecurity Perception in Lima, Peru. URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad, 23, 73–90. https://doi.org/10.17141/urvio.23.2018.3553

Cuevas-Calderón, E., Dongo, E. Y., & Kanashiro, L. (2022). Conservatives Groups on Tiktok: Social Polarization in Peru | Conservadores en Tiktok: polarización social en el Perú. Prisma Social, 39, 156–182.

Demuru, P. (2021). Gastropopulism: a sociosemiotic analysis of politicians posing as “the everyday man” via food posts on social media. Social Semiotics, 31(3), 507–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2021.1930800

Eser, B., & Karaosmanoğlu, D. (2023). Gastrodiplomacy in Turkey: ‘saving the world’ or neoliberal conservative cultural policies at work. International Journal of Cultural Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2023.2183951

Fanjul, S. C. (2021, November 26). Cuanto más odio, más viral: por qué Twitter se ha llenado de saña en pleno auge de la ultraderecha. El País. https://elpais.com/icon/actualidad/2021-11-26/cuanto-mas-odio-mas-viral-por-que-twitter-se-ha-llenado-de-sana-en-pleno-auge-de-la-ultraderecha.html

Farris, S. R. (2017). In the Name of Women’s Rights. The Rise of Femionationalism. Duke University Press.

Fasce, A., & Avendaño, D. (2022). Attitudes toward civil liberties and rights among politically charged online groups. Social Psychology, 53(4), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000496

Fechine, Y., & Demuru, P. (2022). Um bufão no poder. Ensaios sociossemióticos. Confraria do Vento.

Fedatto, M. S. (2023). The Far-Right Takeover in Brazil: Effects on the Health Agenda. Latin American Perspectives, 50(1), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X221149026

Finlayson, A. (2021). Neoliberalism, the Alt-Right and the Intellectual Dark Web. Theory, Culture and Society, 38(6), 167–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/02632764211036731

Finlayson, A. (2022). YouTube and Political Ideologies: Technology, Populism and Rhetorical Form. Political Studies, 70(1), 62–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720934630

Forti, S. (2020). Catalan National-populism? Rethink the «procés» in the European context | ¡Nacional-populismo a la catalana? Repensar el Procès en el contexto europeo. Historia Del Presente, 35(1), 69–90.

Forti, S. (2021). Extrema derecha 2.0. Qué es y cómo combatirla. Siglo Veintiuno.

Halperin, S. (2023). The far-right in modern world history. Globalizations, 20(5), 715–735. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2021.1984734

Hernandez Urbano, R., Uy Ajero, J., Legaspi Angeles, A., Hacar Quintos, M. N., Regalado Imperial, J. M., & Llabanes Rodriguez, R. (2021). A BERT-based Hate Speech Classifier from Transcribed Online Short-Form Videos. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1145/3485768.3485806

Hobeika, A., Villeneuve G. (2017). Une communication par les marges du parti ? Les groupes Facebook proches du Front national, Réseaux, 202-203, (2-3), 213-240. https://doi.org/10.3917/res.202.0213

Khoshsabk, N., & Southcott, J. (2019). Gender identity and Facebook: Social conservatism and saving face. Qualitative Report, 24(4), 632–647.

Korhonen, K. (2020). Politics of fire: the commemorative torch rally 612 of the Finnish radical right. European Politics and Society, 21(3), 307–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2019.1645423

Krobová, T., & Zàpotocký, J. (2021). “I Am Not Racist, But …”: Rhetorical Fallacies in Arguments about the Refugee Crisis on Czech Facebook. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 21(2), 58–69.

Layton, M. L., Smith, A. E., Moseley, M. W., & Cohen, M. J. (2021). Demographic polarization and the rise of the far right: Brazil’s 2018 presidential election. Research & Politics, 8(1), 2053168021990204

Lee, T., & Hosam, C. (2020). Fake News Is Real: The Significance and Sources of Disbelief in Mainstream Media in Trump’s America. Sociological Forum, 35(S1), 996–1018. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12603

McGaughey, E. (2018). Fascism-lite in America (or the social ideal of Donald Trump). British Journal of American Legal Studies, 7(2), 291–315. https://doi.org/10.2478/bjals-2018-0012

Merriman, B. (2019). “Establishing the Conservative Phenomenon.” Sociological Quarterly, 60(3), 354–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2019.1629848

Min, S. J. (2021). Who Believes in Conspiracy Theories? Network Diversity, Political Discussion, and Conservative Conspiracy Theories on Social Media. American Politics Research, 49(5), 415–427. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X211013526

Mudde, C. (2019). The Far Right Today. Polity Press.

Nguyen, T. T., Yu, W., Merchant, J. S., Criss, S., Kennedy, C. J., Mane, H., Gowda, K. N., Kim, M., Belani, R., Blanco, C. F., Hswen, Y., & Nguyen, Q. C. (2023). Examining Exposure to Messaging, Content, and Hate Speech from Partisan News Social Media Posts on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043230

Norocel, O. C. (2018). Antifeminist and “truly liberated”: Conservative performances of gender by women politicians in Hungary and Romania. Politics and Governance, 6(3), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v6i3.1417

Ollagnier, A., Cabrio, E., & Villata, S. (2023). Unsupervised fine-grained hate speech target community detection and characterisation on social media. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-023-01061-4

Pacilli, M. G., Pagliaro, S., Bochicchio, V., Scandurra, C., & Jost, J. T. (2022). Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Antipathy Toward Immigrants and Sexual Minorities in the Early Days of the Coronavirus Pandemic in Italy. Frontiers in Political Science, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2022.879049

Paz, M. A., Mayagoitia-Soria, A., & González-Aguilar, J.-M. (2021). From Polarization to Hate: Portrait of the Spanish Political Meme. Social Media and Society, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211062920

Peña-Fernández, S., Larrondo-Ureta, A., & Morales-I-gras, J. (2022). Current affairs on TikTok. Virality and entertainment for digital natives | Información de actualidad en TikTok. Viralidad y entretenimiento para nativos digitales. Profesional de La Informacion, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.ene.06

Prusova, I. S., & Gulevich, O. A. (2020). The effect of mortality salience on the attitudes toward state control: The case of Russia. International Journal of Psychology, 55(2), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12571

Richards, I., Rae, M., Vergani, M., & Jones, C. (2021). Political philosophy and Australian far-right media: A critical discourse analysis of The Unshackled and XYZ. Thesis Eleven, 163(1), 103–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/07255136211008605

Roy, O. (2016). Le djihad et la mort. Seuil.

Sanahuja, José Antonio y López Burian, Camilo. (2020) «Las derechas neopatriotas en América Latina: contestación al orden liberal internacional». Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, n.º 126 (diciembre de 2020), p. 41-63. DOI: doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2020.126.3.41

Schwingel, C. (2022). Manifestações de rua no Brasil de 2013 a 2015: cultura digital reapropriada. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 47(3), 521–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/08263663.2022.2110792

Semán, P., Viotti, N., & GarcÍa Somoza, M.-S. (2018). Secularism and liberalism in contemporary Argentina: Neoliberal responses, initiatives, and criticisms of Pope Francis. Social Compass, 65(4), 516–533. https://doi.org/10.1177/0037768618792809

Stano, S. (2022). Beyond Nutrition: Meanings, Narratives, Myths. In Numanities - Arts and Humanities in Progress (Vol. 19). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81115-0_11

Strobl, N. (2022). La nueva derecha. Un análisis del conservadurismo radicalizado. Katz Editores.

Swartz, D. L. (2023). Trump divide among American conservative professors. Theory and Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-023-09517-4

Vaggione, J. M. (2022). The Neoconservative Thread in Latin America. The Instrumentalization of Gender Ideology in Contemporary Democracies | El entramado neoconservador en América Latina. La instrumentalización de la ideología de género en las democracias contemporáneas. Torres De Lucca, 11(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.5209/ltdl.79437

Wang, J., Wang, Y., Weng, N., Chai, T., Li, A., Zhang, F., & Yu, S. (2022). Will You Ever Become Popular? Learning to Predict Virality of Dance Clips. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications and Applications, 18(2). https://doi.org/c

Weimann, G., & Masri, N. (2023). Research Note: Spreading Hate on TikTok. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 46(5), 752–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1780027

Wellings, B., Bonotti, M., Rost Rublee, M., & Zech, S. T. (2023). Narrative fusion and layering: statecraft and the shaping of Boris Johnson’s pandemic narrative, 2020–2021. British Politics. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-023-00235-0

Published
2024-06-30
How to Cite
Cuevas-Calderón, E., Yalán Dongo, E., Demuru, P., Anzelmo, A., & Kanashiro, L. (2024). Cultural War of the Radical Conservative Right on TikTok: A Comparative Study of Influencers in Peru, Brazil, France and Italy. Letras (Lima), 95(141), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.30920/letras.95.141.11
Section
II. La batalla por la hegemonía en las industrias culturales